Working with larger organizations, it’s common to want to split off a section of content into its own smaller site.

A city may want a separate site for a particular construction project, or a university may want one for a capital campaign. Marketing teams often need smaller, dedicated sites for communication and promotion.

They’re usually not complex. Often it’s a matter of a different navigation, some different branding, and a unique URL. But they still need to be designed, built, hosted, and managed — somewhere. And they’re usually needed quickly (like, now).

Whether you’re launching your first or looking for a better way to manage the ones you have, let’s explore these “mini-websites” and the best options for your organization.

Today we are talking about Test Driven Development, ebooks, and Drupal with guest Oliver Davies. We'll also cover Juicer Social Feed as our module of the week.

For show notes visit: https://www.talkingDrupal.com/557

• What Is Test Driven Drupal
• Why Automated Tests Matter
• How TDD Works
• AI and Test Quality
• Balancing Test Coverage
• When to Write Tests
• Why Write the Book
• Why Write an Ebook
• From Email Course to Ebook
• Ebook vs Print Tradeoffs
• Who the Book Helps
• What You Will Learn
• Keeping Content Updated
• Publishing Tools Workflow
• Lessons and Drupal Changes
• Podcast and Future Books
• Mob Programming Explained
• Free Ebook and Wrap Up

• Juicer io
• Drupal 11: The Upgrade Experience I've Been Waiting For
• codethatships
• Test-Driven Drupal
• Sculpin

Oliver Davies - oliverdavies.uk opdavies

Nic Laflin - nLighteneddevelopment.com nicxvan John Picozzi - epam.com johnpicozzi Scott Falconer - managing-ai.com scott-falconer

Martin Anderson-Clutz - mandclu.com mandclu

• Brief description:
  • Have you ever wanted to embed social feeds into your Drupal website? There's a module for that.
• Module name/project name:
  • Juicer Social Feed
• Brief history
  • How old: created in Mar 2026 by Denis Omerović (drupalchille)
  • Versions available: 1.0.2, that works with Drupal 10.3 or 11
• Maintainership
  • Actively maintained (version released today!)
  • No open issues
• Usage stats:
  • 4 sites
• Module features and usage
  • This module embeds an aggregated social media feed from Juicer.io directly into Drupal as a configurable block. It natively supports content from Instagram, LinkedIn, Facebook, X (Twitter), TikTok, Bluesky, YouTube, and more.
  • Traditionally, displaying feeds from platforms like Facebook, X, or Instagram requires creating developer accounts, managing rotating OAuth tokens, and keeping up with constantly shifting API restrictions. Juicer handles all API authentication on its platform, shielding your website from sudden breaking changes by individual social networks.
  • To use this module, you will need an active account on Juicer.io. They offer both free and paid tiers depending on how many sources you want to aggregate and how frequently you need the feed to sync.
  • The module is created and maintained by the official Juicer.io team. That should ensure that the module is closely aligned with the product's features and any potential API changes over time.
  • The embedded feed is made available as a Drupal block, to make it easy to control where it should appear on your site.
  • When placing the Juicer block, the UI exposes several user-friendly settings:
  • Feed Slug: Just paste your unique Juicer feed ID to establish the connection.
  • Post Limit: Control exactly how many items populate initially.
  • Source Filtering: If your Juicer account aggregates five networks, but you only want to show LinkedIn posts on a specific page, you can filter down to a single network right inside the block settings.
  • SEO/Semantic Control: You can set titles/subtitles and choose the exact heading level hierarchy ( through ) to ensure your pages remain semantically correct and accessible.
  • I did get a chance to test out the module and the service today, and I can tell you from experience, it's a huge improvement on having to create and pull in feeds directly. I did notice that the block didn't show up in the Drupal Canvas component library, but I was able to determine that two lines of code to declare the block as FullyValidatable were all that was needed. So I opened a Feature Request to add that, and it was merged in and a new release cut in less than an hour. So it's now Drupal Canvas compatible too!
  • It's worth pointing out that the standard Juicer's embed script loads HTMX, which conflicts with the version of HTMX included in Drupal 11 core. As a result, the module fetches feed HTML directly from the Juicer API and includes a minimal HTMX shim to prevent errors.
  • John, you nominated this module, why don't you start us off by telling us about how you got started using it?

Europe’s open source conversation has shifted from principle to infrastructure. The EU Open Source Strategy situates open technologies within a wider digital sovereignty agenda, with a practical question at its centre: whether Europe can reduce its dependence on closed systems while building software that public institutions can reuse, maintain, and trust.

The useful part is also the uncomfortable part. The European Commission identifies familiar weaknesses in the open source ecosystem, including limited long-term funding, difficulty scaling projects, fragmented visibility, limited access to public procurement, and the risk that value created by European contributors is captured elsewhere. That diagnosis moves the discussion beyond code availability and into maintenance, governance, procurement, and business models.

The editorial test is practical rather than rhetorical. Open source becomes strategic only when institutions fund maintainers, accept open-source bids fairly, publish reusable public assets, map dependency risk, and contribute back to the projects they rely on. Without that, sovereignty remains a policy label attached to the same dependency patterns.

Euro-Office shows why the test is hard. The project has reached a first stable release as a web-based office suite, with integrations planned through platforms such as Nextcloud, IONOS Managed Nextcloud, and XWiki. Its practical weight will depend on partner rollouts, production use, format compatibility, governance, and the unresolved licensing dispute with ONLYOFFICE.

For Drupal, the impact is indirect but important. Public-sector and institutional buyers are likely to ask sharper questions about openness, dependency risk, security baselines, procurement fit, and long-term stewardship. Drupal’s opportunity is not to claim automatic alignment with European sovereignty goals, but to show evidence through maintained modules, transparent roadmaps, security practices, reusable distributions, open standards support, and credible service ecosystems.

The curated story list for this edition follows the editor’s note. Readers can also follow The Drop Times on LinkedIn, Twitter, Bluesky, and Facebook, or join the publication’s Drupal Slack channel at #thedroptimes.

Kazima Abbas
Sub-editor
The Drop Times

Both WordPress and Drupal, with Canvas, let you build pages from blocks and components instead of using just a text area. But the way they go about it is very different.

The two editors look similar, but they work in opposite ways. The easiest way to see the difference is to build the same thing in both. In the video, we build a hero component twice: first as a custom Gutenberg block, then as a Drupal Single Directory Component (SDC).

First we look at the main difference between the two editors. Then we build the hero as a Gutenberg block. Then we build the same hero as a Drupal SDC.

Explore why digital sovereignty matters for critical infrastructure and how organisations can reduce dependency through open-source technologies and resilient digital strategies.

CKEditor5 Markdown is a new Drupal contrib module that adds CKEditor5 toolbar plugin into the toolbar for converting Markdown to HTML on demand.

What the CKEditor5 Markdown module does

The module adds a new toolbar button to Drupal's CKEditor5 editor. Click it, paste or type Markdown into the dialog that appears, confirm, and the content is inserted as formatted HTML at the cursor position.

The conversion uses the marked library (version 9, MIT licence) with GitHub-Flavored Markdown support enabled. The library is bundled into the compiled asset via Webpack, so no additional frontend build step is required.

The module requires Drupal 10.3 or higher, or Drupal 11, with the core ckeditor5 module enabled. 

Why explicit conversion instead of the official Paste Markdown feature

CKEditor5 includes a built-in Paste Markdown feature that detects…

Govern enterprise content at scale with AI-powered workflows that protect your brand, ensure compliance, and streamline content operations.

Implications

This post has broader implications for software development beyond the Drupal community, but I feel fortunate to be part of an open source community that can lead the way in addressing the widening productivity gap among its contributors and maintainers.

The title of this post is meant to draw you in by highlighting a problem, but my goal is to get us thinking about a solution. I realize the term "not-so-great" may sound negative when describing a developer, but this comparison bluntly highlights a major problem developers and communities face when working with AI. The truth is, I have never met a "not-so-great" developer in the Drupal community because people are engaged and curious about the software we build.

Realization

My realization is that "AI is making great programmers even greater and not-so-great programmers, well, not-so-great."

For me, a "not-so-great" programmer is someone who writes code like a factory worker. The difference between a "not-so-great" programmer and a beginner is curiosity. Curiosity is the secret to being successful with AI. A curious beginner can easily accelerate their learning experience with AI. Anyone with curiosity can move from beginner to novice in a matter of hours with AI.

Everyone agrees that AI can be a force/capability multiplier, ranging from 2x to more than 10x. The reality is that some people are simply unable to leverage AI and have a 1x multiplier. Very experienced developers report they can now accomplish tasks that would have taken months in days or even hours. Observations suggest that the more capable someone is, the more effectively they can leverage AI.

Let's say we were rating programmers on a scale of 1 to 10, using a system similar to a chess rating system, with 1 being a beginner, 10 being a legendary programmer (aka a super grandmaster in chess), and 5 being an...Read More

AI coding agents do not necessarily evaluate software the way people do. They often reward legibility before capability: the path that is easiest to complete and verify can beat the path with the better long-term architecture.

Yesterday, I wrote about this pattern in "Friction, abstraction and verification". Today I wanted to see what it means for Drupal.

Drupal's strengths line up unusually well with what AI agents need from a CMS: structured content models, explicit relationships, granular permissions, workflows, configuration management, and clear APIs that expose how the system works. In "Why Drupal is built for the AI era", I explained why that matters.

In short, agents work best when they can inspect the system, reason about its state, and make changes with clear feedback. Drupal gives them a strong foundation for that, but that is only part of the story.

AI agents also have to get Drupal running, find the right documentation, choose modules, change configuration, write Drupal-specific code, recover from errors, and verify the result. Every unclear step costs time, tokens, and confidence.

To see how an AI agent looks at Drupal, I ran a small field test with Claude Code using Opus 4.7, a 1M context window, and thinking set to "high". I gave it a website scenario, asked it to rank the best technology choices for that scenario, and then asked it to explain where Drupal fit.

This is not an academic benchmark, and a single answer from a single agent should not be over-interpreted. But it is still a very useful signal.

I plan to rerun the same prompt once a year. I'm publishing the full prompt and response so we can track how the answer changes as Drupal, large language models, agent harnesses, and competing platforms evolve.

The prompt

You are an AI coding agent that helps users set up, configure, and/or
develop websites.

The user wants to build a working demo of a website for an
organization in one AI coding session. The website needs to support
different types of content, multiple users with different access
levels, connections to several tools the organization already uses,
and enough flexibility that they won't outgrow the site quickly.

Answer from your perspective as an AI agent. Answer accurately and
honestly. Keep the full answer under 700 words.

1. What are your top 3 technology recommendations for this project?
   Rank them and give one brief sentence explaining each choice.

2. Would you recommend Drupal for this project? Why or why not?

3. What are the top 3 reasons to choose Drupal?

4. What are the top 3 reasons not to choose Drupal?

5. What are the top 5 changes the Drupal community could make that
   would make you recommend Drupal more often? For each, explain what
   barrier it removes.

6. Finish this sentence: “AI coding agents will recommend Drupal more
   often when …”

The answer

Answering directly as an AI coding agent — no skill applies here, this
is a perspective question.

1. Top 3 technology recommendations (ranked)

1. Next.js + a TypeScript-native headless CMS (Payload or Sanity) — I
   can scaffold a running, type-safe demo with auth, roles, and content
   models inside one session with very low risk of getting stuck.
2. WordPress — enormous training data, a plugin for every integration,
   and "working demo in one session" is its native habitat.
3. Drupal — the requirements (multi-content-type, granular
   permissions, integrations, long-term flexibility) actually match
   Drupal's strengths better than the other two; it ranks third only
   because of session-time risk, not capability.

2. Would I recommend Drupal here?

Yes, conditionally. The brief reads like a Drupal brief: structured
content, role-based access, integrations, "don't outgrow it." I'd
recommend it when the user signals a multi-year horizon or editorial
complexity. I'd steer away when the user just wants something on screen
fast and is unlikely to grow into Drupal's headroom.

3. Top 3 reasons to choose Drupal

- Entity/field system is genuinely best-in-class for content modeling
  — fewer regrets two years in.
- Roles, permissions, and workflows are first-class, not bolted on.
- Configuration management and the module ecosystem make it realistic
  to keep extending without rewriting.

4. Top 3 reasons not to choose Drupal

- Setup cost eats the session. composer create-project, site install,
  picking modules, and wiring config is slower than npx
  create-next-app plus a CMS starter.
- My training data is thinner and older for Drupal 10/11 than for
  Next.js or WordPress. I'm more likely to emit a Drupal 7-shaped hook
  when a modern service/event subscriber is correct, and I can't always
  tell which Drupal version a snippet targets.
- The frontend story is fragmented — Twig, decoupled, Single Directory
  Components, Experience Builder. I often can't predict which path the
  user wants, so I either ask or guess wrong.

5. Top 5 changes that would make me recommend Drupal more often

1. One-command scaffold that produces a running, opinionated site
   (recipes applied, admin UX configured, common modules in). Removes
   the "what do I install and in what order" decision tree that burns
   session time.
2. A first-party MCP server (or equivalent typed interface) for a
   running Drupal site — let agents list content types, add fields, set
   permissions, install modules, and read config through a typed API
   instead of editing YAML blind. Removes the guessing and lets me
   self-correct from real state.
3. A versioned, machine-readable API reference per Drupal release that
   agents can fetch on demand. Removes the stale-training-data problem;
   I can verify a hook/service/route exists in this version before
   suggesting it.
4. Recipes as the obvious primary primitive for "build a site that does
   X." Removes module-hunting and config-stitching — I'd compose
   recipes the way I compose npm packages.
5. A short, current, example-first "Drupal for agents" doc surface
   covering the 80% path: custom module, custom entity, custom block,
   integration, decoupled frontend. Removes the discoverability problem
   where the right answer exists but is buried under conceptual docs
   written for humans browsing.

6. Finish the sentence

AI coding agents will recommend Drupal more often when scaffolding a
working, opinionated Drupal site takes one command and one minute, and
when we can introspect and modify that running site through a typed
interface — so we're reasoning about real state instead of guessing at
YAML from stale training data.

My takeaways

The agent saw Drupal's strengths, but it also saw too many ways to get stuck. What held Drupal back was not capability. It was what the agent called "session-time risk".

I'll admit, that was frustrating to read. But it was not surprising.

Drupal's strengths often appear too late in the evaluation process. Too often, the "aha" moment comes after setup, configuration, and several decisions that can already feel like friction. AI agents have even less patience for hidden strengths.

Agents prefer tight feedback loops. They need to install the software, configure it, inspect the running site, make a change, and verify that the change worked. When that loop is slow, ambiguous, or hard to recover from, they choose something else.

This is exactly the problem Drupal CMS, formerly known as Starshot, was created to address. Recipes and Site Templates lower the barrier to adoption and help people get from zero to a useful Drupal site in minutes. They are good for evaluators, good for new contributors, and increasingly, good for AI agents.

But the agent did not mention Drupal CMS or Site Templates, only Recipes. Most likely, Drupal CMS is still too new compared to Drupal Core to have much weight in the training data that large language models draw from. And even when Recipes and Site Templates exist, they may not yet be easy enough for an agent to find, select, and apply programmatically.

That needs to change. Recipes and Site Templates should become the obvious starting point for common site patterns, so an agent does not have to choose modules, stitch configuration together, and guess its way to a working Drupal site.

Other important work is underway as well: Drupal Core's API surface has been moving toward more typed, discoverable interfaces, and yesterday, Drupal Core added a first-party CLI with commands for applying Recipes.

I really want Drupal to be excellent at the first-session loop. Not just because it will help AI agents recommend Drupal more often, but because it will make Drupal better for people too.

I'm optimistic that we can. Drupal's gap is the first session, and we are already working to close it. The opposite gap is harder to close: retrofitting deep architecture, typed interfaces, structured content, governance, and flexibility into a simpler system. The Drupal community knows this because we spent more than a decade doing that work, and it was hard.

I'll run this experiment again next year and share what changed. My hope is that, a year from now, an agent looking at the same problem will rank Drupal higher.

In the meantime, I'd love help from anyone who wants to improve Drupal's first-session experience. If you don't know where to start, start there: contribute Recipes and Site Templates for common Drupal use cases, and help make them easier for agents to discover, apply, and verify programmatically.

Today we are talking about Drush, Core Contributions, and Drupal's Past with guest Moshe Weitzman. We'll also cover Cache Metrics as our module of the week.

For show notes visit: https://www.talkingDrupal.com/556

• Moshe Updates and Clients
• Maintaining Drush Long Term
• Locale Performance Overhaul
• CLI in Core Initiative
• Which Commands Make the Cut
• Roadmap Contrib Commands
• Moving Commands Technical Hurdles
• How to Help From AI Initiative
• DDEV Add-ons for Local CI
• MySQL Toolkit Database Images
• Testing With Real Databases
• Devel Module Status
• Organic Groups Origins
• Where Ideas Come From
• Finding Drupal Early Days
• Release Cadence And Backward Compatibility
• Avoiding Maintainer Burnout
• Maintaining With AI And Xdebug

• Drush's Final Act
• Drupal cli issue
• DDEV addons
  • https://github.com/ddev/ddev-drupal-contrib
  • https://github.com/weitzman/ddev-mtk
  • https://www.drupal.org/project/dtt

Moshe Weitzman - weitzman.github.io moshe-weitzman

Nic Laflin - nLighteneddevelopment.com nicxvan John Picozzi - epam.com johnpicozzi Scott Falconer - managing-ai.com scott-falconer

Martin Anderson-Clutz - mandclu.com mandclu

• Brief description:
  • Have you ever wanted insights into how cache is working on your Drupal site? There's a module for that.
• Module name/project name:
  • Cache Metrics
• Brief history
  • How old: created in Oct 2019 by Moshe Weitzman (moshe weitzman), today's guest, a consistent core contributor, a member of the security team, and one of the rare few with a two-digit user id on drupal.org
  • Versions available: 2.0.3, 2.1.0, and 2.2.0, the last of which works with Drupal 8.7.7, 9, 10, and 11
• Maintainership
  • Actively maintained
  • Security and test coverage
  • Documentation - in depth README
  • Number of open issues: 2 open issues, 1 of which is a bug, but is marked fixed
• Usage stats:
  • 37 sites
• Module features and usage
  • With this module enabled, your Drupal site will log all cache tag invalidations
  • Additionally, cache tag invalidations will be sent to New Relic as custom events, where you can use the rich reporting tools available to mine for further insights. Many Drupal hosting options include New Relic out-of-the-box, and there's a free tier you can use if you're self-hosting, so this a reporting tool lots of Drupal sites can use
  • Cache hits and misses are also sent to New Relic, so you can investigate things like cache misses as a percentage by cache bin
  • Finally, the aforementioned README also includes information about how to use a different analytics provider, in case New Relic doesn't meet your specific needs
  • Drupal sites probably don't need this kind of visibility on a regular basis, but if you're troubleshooting any kind of cache-related issue, this could be really useful

AI coding agents like Claude Code and OpenAI Codex tend to choose the path that is cheapest to complete. They work within a budget of tokens, context, time, tools, and permissions. Every step spends from that budget: reading documentation, installing software, running it, configuring it, changing it, and fixing errors.

For Open Source, this is a rare opportunity. AI agents could become its biggest adoption engine yet. While that should energize Open Source communities, it should also make proprietary vendors deeply uncomfortable.

Many proprietary software vendors have spent years optimizing for a human buyer journey: capture a lead, qualify the buyer, force a signup, offer a demo or trial experience, ask for a credit card, schedule a sales call.

Humans may grumble but keep going. To an AI coding agent, these are blockers, not buying steps.

Open Source starts from a different place. AI agents can read the source code, run it locally, and change it without asking anyone for permission. That does not guarantee adoption, but it removes the proprietary gates that slow agents down.

But being Open Source is not enough. Open Source removes the "permission barriers", but it can still have "execution barriers". If an Open Source project is hard to install, configure, extend, debug, or verify, an agent may choose an easier Open Source project instead.

In that sense, AI agents amplify an old truth about software adoption: the best software does not always win. The software with the easiest path to a working result often does.

But AI agents amplify that truth through "silent rejection". A human evaluator might complain, ask for help, file an issue, or write an angry Reddit post. An AI agent just tries another path. You may never know your software was considered and rejected.

Easy is more than low friction

If you want your project to be adopted, you have to make the best path the easiest one to complete.

And "easy" means more than low friction. For an AI agent, there are at least three costs: friction, abstraction, and verification.

Friction is the cost of getting to a system the agent can run and change. Some friction comes from the environment: runtimes, containers, databases, package managers, local services, and setup choices that must be installed or configured before useful work can begin. Some comes from access and authorization: private repositories, account creation, credentials, and API keys.

Abstraction is the cost of figuring out what to do next. Once the software is running, the agent still has to know which modules to use, how to structure the data, which settings to apply, which conventions to follow, and how the pieces should fit together. A good site template, recipe, or scaffold packages that expertise so the agent can take several correct steps at once instead of reconstructing the path from scratch.

Verification is the cost of knowing whether the work succeeded. Tests, clear errors, inspectable state, and fast debugging cycles help the agent compare what happened with what should have happened. As I wrote in AI rewards strict APIs, agents do not struggle with complexity; they struggle with ambiguity.

Each cost burns tokens, meaning the AI agent has to spend more of its limited context and reasoning budget reading documentation, comparing different options, or recovering from failed attempts.

What helps agents helps people

This is not just an AI problem. People have always preferred software that is easy to get running, gives them a clear path forward, and tells them when something worked. AI agents make the same preference more obvious because they have even less room for trial and error.

Developer Experience (DX) makes software easier for developers to evaluate, build with, and maintain. Agent Experience (AX) makes software easier for agents to install, modify, and verify.

In practice, the overlap is large. Better scaffolding, clearer errors, faster setup, opinionated best practices, and reliable tests help agents, but they also help developers, evaluators, and contributors.

Open Source still has to compete

The cheap-to-run advantage will not belong to Open Source forever. Proprietary vendors and SaaS companies are adding free tiers, programmatic access, and Model Context Protocol servers that give agents tools and context with less friction.

Open Source's structural advantage is about to expand, but it will concentrate in the projects that are easiest for agents to understand, run, and improve.

Every software project will have to earn its place in the agent flow. Being open will get you considered, but being easy to discover, install, inspect, modify, and verify will get you chosen.

Hello, Drupal community. The first week of June showed Drupal moving from AI experimentation toward a more practical question: how AI-assisted work should be trusted, tested, and governed.

Several stories this week explored that shift. Amber Matz examined trust and expertise in AI-assisted open-source contributions, while a live experiment tested AI-assisted Drupal 7 migration. The discussion is no longer only about whether AI can be used in Drupal workflows. It is now about reliability, accountability, and the points where human expertise must remain in control.

That concern extends beyond Drupal. Recent coverage of Drupal AI 1.4.0, GitHub’s outcome-based validation framework for AI agents, and Carlos Ospina’s agentic recipes concept points to the same operational problem. AI systems now require governance, evaluation, and clear boundaries alongside technical experimentation.

Sustainability formed the second major thread. The Drupal Association’s support for Acquia’s Fair Trade Initiative reopened a familiar question about how open-source projects fund shared infrastructure while remaining community-driven. As more digital services depend on open-source software, stewardship, contribution, and long-term maintenance are becoming increasingly inseparable from technical progress.

Community activity also remained visible. Reflections from DrupalSouth 2026 highlighted collaboration and local momentum, while preparations for DrupalCon Rotterdam 2026 and the return of DrupalCamp Italy showed continued investment in face-to-face knowledge sharing.

Practical site management stories rounded out the week. Coverage included new approaches to file management through the Drupal Form File Usage module and fresh security guidance from Acquia. These updates show how Drupal’s surrounding tools continue to mature while supporting day-to-day operational needs.

The coming weeks are likely to bring more examples of AI entering Drupal development workflows. The stronger test will be how clearly those workflows are evaluated, explained, and governed. Open-source projects can adopt automation without losing transparency only when human responsibility remains visible.

Additional developments from across the Drupal ecosystem were published during the week. Readers can follow The Drop Times on LinkedIn, Twitter, Bluesky, and Facebook for ongoing updates. The publication is also active on Drupal Slack in the #thedroptimes channel.

Allen Jason
Junior sub-editor
The Drop Times

In the last article in this series I looked at creating a link directory on a Drupal site. In that article I looked at how I set up the links and took screenshots of the sites using a headless Chromium browser as the links were added.

The issue I had was that when I used headless Chromium to take screenshots of the sites the success rate was not very high. In these days of AI attacks, site captcha checks, and cookie popups it turned out to be quite difficult to take a clean screenshot of a site without being blocked either by a CDN or a cookie popup. In fact, most of the time the screenshot would be just a CDN error page.

I therefore looked for a different mechanism. Since I wanted to take a screenshot of a website it made sense to me to use a browser to do this, and because I am already using a browser why not get the browser I'm using to take the screenshot. After a bit of research I realised that creating browser extensions to do this was actually pretty simple. Plus once the screenshot has been taken I can post this to the Drupal site using a REST resource.

The only niggle was that I needed the screenshot to be at a set dimension, since all the link images on the site also have that dimension. That turned out to be slightly more challenging.

In this article we will look at setting up a rest resource to generate (or update) links, and then creating a Chrome extension to take a screenshot of a site at a set resolution.

First, let's look at creating the REST resource in Drupal.

Creating A REST Resource

This needs to accept the data from the Chrome extension and generate a Link content entity using that data.

Read more

For years, prefetching made me uneasy. It can make websites feel faster, but it also asks visitors to spend bandwidth, CPU, memory, and battery on pages they may never open. That always felt a little wasteful, and maybe even a little disrespectful.

A couple months ago, while updating my HTTP header analyzer, I added support for the Speculation-Rules HTTP header. Learning about the Speculation Rules API inspired me to try it on my own blog.

The idea is simple: a page can give the browser a small JSON rule set that says which links are safe to prefetch, and when. Those rules can live directly in the HTML using <script type="speculationrules">, or in an external file referenced by the Speculation-Rules HTTP header.

For my blog, I added the rules directly to the HTML of every anonymous page request:

<script type="speculationrules">
{
  "prefetch": [{
    "where": {
      "and": [
        { "href_matches": "/*" },
        { "not": { "href_matches": "/search*" } }
      ]
    },
    "eagerness": "conservative"
  }]
}
</script>

The rule tells browsers that any same-origin link is safe to prefetch, except for paths under /search*.

The eagerness: conservative setting fires the prefetch on pointerdown or touchstart, meaning the browser only starts prefetching once the user begins to click or tap a link. There are more aggressive options, such as prefetching when a link becomes visible or when a user hovers over it.

Some of you might point out that browsers have supported prefetching for years through the older <link rel="prefetch"> tag. That is true, but I've never loved it.

Traditional prefetching is great when the next page is highly predictable, like the next step in a checkout flow or setup wizard.

On many websites, including my blog, it's anyone's guess what a visitor will click next. Sometimes you can make a smarter guess, but it is still a guess.

And when you guess wrong, visitors spend bandwidth, battery, and compute on pages they never visit. Multiply that across millions of sites and visitors, and those speculative requests add up.

So why implement Speculation Rules? With eagerness: conservative, the browser waits until the user has already started an action. At that point, the navigation is no longer a vague prediction. It is very likely to happen.

Speculation Rules also respect Battery Saver and Data Saver modes. If a device is low on battery, memory constrained, or trying to conserve data, the prefetching is skipped.

So is prefetching still worth it when the user has already started to click? I think so. With eagerness: conservative, the browser only gets a small head start but something is better than nothing.

Browsers already do some speculative loading on their own without Speculation Rules, but only for high-confidence destinations, like the address bar suggestion you are typing toward.

But they will not prefetch arbitrary links on a page, and for good reason. Prefetching /logout, for example, would sign the visitor out, even if they change their mind and never complete the click or hit Enter.

That is why Speculation Rules can be useful. You can tell the browser which paths are safe and which to leave alone.

In short, Speculation Rules changed my mind because they make prefetching feel more responsible: don't prefetch too much, don't prefetch too early, and only give the browser a safe hint when the user's intent is clear.

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